Tuesday, 31 July 2012
Nuring Care of Dialysis
First, the complications of care
The incidence of complications in hemodialysis rapidly and endangering the lives of uremic patients, nurses have keen powers of observation, eye acute grassland, calm and, if found, inform the doctor in a timely manner to deal decisively with.
(1) low blood pressure: The most common incidence of 50% to 70%. Refers to the mean arterial blood pressure decreased than before dialysis 30mmHg or systolic blood pressure dropped to 90mmHg following. Uremic patients showed a cold sweat, nausea, vomiting, pale, breathing difficulties, rapid heartbeat, severe cases, loss of consciousness or even coma, immediately stop ultrafiltration, slow down blood flow, before opening the pump tube small folder, close the arterial tube folder, infusion of saline 100 ~ 200ml.
Disequilibrium syndrome: the performance of headache, nausea, vomiting, irritability, muscle cramps, high blood pressure severe cases, convulsions, stiff, coma or even death. Found, according to the doctor's advice infusion of hypertonic saline 40ml or 50% glucose 40 ~ 60ml (diabetes disabled).
Muscle spasm, the elderly, more common, the gastrocnemius multiple, spasmodic pain, local massage, hot packs, if necessary, infusion of hypertonic saline or hypertonic sugar. In non-diabetic patients, the preferred hypertonic sugar.
Second, dialysis care
(1) Measurement of body weight is estimated dialysis effect.
2 bed observation shall not leave the dialysis room, to inform doctors handle smooth and then go low blood pressure of patients with uremia.
Puncture site hemostasis strength is moderate, press 10 ~~ 15min.
Control of intake in uremic patients, to prevent excessive weight gain, diet containing adequate protein and calories, high quality protein-based, such as eggs, milk, lean meat, fish, control of potassium, phosphorus camera, into vitamin supplements .
Can Hemodialysis have headache
Has reached a serious condition, uremia (uraemia) end-stage, you need to rely on dialysis to reduce the inosine, which includes hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Well-known experts in hemodialysis guest () to explain such "hemodialysis hemodialysis diet, treatment knowledge. Detailed "dialysis headache" Here.
Hemodialysis headache recommended: patients with chronic renal failure and hemodialysis diet guide hemodialysis whether the cost of traditional Chinese medicine hemodialysis cycle hemodialysis price hemodialysis hemodialysis dangerous
And more on the healing of uremia (uraemia), clinical hemodialysis and kidney transplants heal. Hemodialysis headache. Hemodialysis is the quick and effective measures to reduce serum potassium.
Hemodialysis headache, headache dialysis.爱西特爱西特 renal failure in patients with clinical drugs commonly used one, also known as a medicinal charcoal capsule can effectively reduce serum creatinine (Scr) were the majority of patients with renal failure, all ages. The composition point of view, Ai Xite polymer carbides, mainly for treatment of chronic nephritis, acute and chronic renal failure, hemodialysis, hyperuricemia, gout psychosis. Ai Xite has a rich and developed gaps, specific surface area up to more than 1200 square meters per gram, in the gastrointestinal tract to the rapid adsorption of serum creatinine (Scr), uric acid and other harmful substances, can reduce the burden of detoxification of the kidneys, thereby delaying renal failure the progress of the process. Ai Xite can in a short period of time to improve symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, suffocation; the addition Ai Xite tablets enema healing, for emergency treatment of severe renal failure patients.
Hemodialysis headache. Uremia in the end can treat you? Western treatment of uremia, hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation for treatment. Symptomatic treatment of the symptoms of patients with uremia. Such as: uremic patients with mild nausea, vomiting and diet therapy to reduce serious people are available to metoclopramide 5 ~ 10mg orally three times daily or intramuscular injection; or chlorpromazine 15 ~ 25mg, 3 times daily, orally or intramuscular injection. Take a kidney transplantation in the treatment of uremia, the success rate is not too high, and the rejection phenomena were unable to solve the fundamental, coupled with the high cost often makes patients prohibitive. If you simply wait passively for the simple dialysis will result in loss treatment in patients with confidence, hemodialysis will be more and more frequently, in order to get rid of it is almost impossible in the traditional Western medicine, which can cause lifelong reliance on the consequences. Often in patients with uremia, hemodialysis, first ideologically defeated under Chen, depression, mechanically, to wait for the next hemodialysis not only costly but suffered a puncture pain and suffering, so that patients lost to life and life confidence, it seems that he is waiting for death to come, extreme fear of uremic
Monday, 23 July 2012
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes, also contributed to the
main reason of uremia, diabetic nephropathy why there will be swelling?
The root causes of edema of diabetic nephropathy - renal ischemia and hypoxia
Diabetes chronic hyperglycemia blood viscosity at the same time cause renal blood flow slowed down, would be inflicting a corresponding injury when blood flow through the glomerular capillary and the first to suffer the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, increased blood viscosity would make part of the blood perfusion
In the vascular wall, increased pressure on endothelial cells, leading to its filtration pores increases, that is, increased permeability, increased permeability, so that should not be filtered out of the leakage of substances, including red blood cells, protein, while the plasma part of the moisture will penetrate into the tissue space, and pave the way for the swelling.
Consequences of ischemia and hypoxia - edema
Human kidney ischemia and hypoxia is not ignored, the main reaction is to make a stress response and secretion of renin. With the ongoing ischemia and hypoxia, the secretion of renin is more and more, the renin - angiotensin will lead to the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion,
Aldosterone's main role is to promote the tubules of the distal convoluted renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and aldosterone increase will cause an increase in sodium absorption, and ultimately lead to a lot of water and sodium retention, the external manifestations of the body, compared with edema.
The root causes of edema of diabetic nephropathy - renal ischemia and hypoxia
Diabetes chronic hyperglycemia blood viscosity at the same time cause renal blood flow slowed down, would be inflicting a corresponding injury when blood flow through the glomerular capillary and the first to suffer the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, increased blood viscosity would make part of the blood perfusion
In the vascular wall, increased pressure on endothelial cells, leading to its filtration pores increases, that is, increased permeability, increased permeability, so that should not be filtered out of the leakage of substances, including red blood cells, protein, while the plasma part of the moisture will penetrate into the tissue space, and pave the way for the swelling.
Consequences of ischemia and hypoxia - edema
Human kidney ischemia and hypoxia is not ignored, the main reaction is to make a stress response and secretion of renin. With the ongoing ischemia and hypoxia, the secretion of renin is more and more, the renin - angiotensin will lead to the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion,
Aldosterone's main role is to promote the tubules of the distal convoluted renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and aldosterone increase will cause an increase in sodium absorption, and ultimately lead to a lot of water and sodium retention, the external manifestations of the body, compared with edema.
How to diet to patients with IgA nephropathy useful it?
Experts say the food
spectrum of patients with IgA nephropathy diet with IgA nephropathy, IgA
nephropathy the nephropathy stage, especially into the stage of renal
insufficiency, the protection of renal function has become a central issue.
Eating arrangements, of course should also consider whether the benefits on
renal function. So, how diet can in patients with IgA nephropathy useful it?
Here we answer this question.
IgA nephropathy in patients with diet:
A high-quality low-protein diet: excessive protein intake can increase the burden on the kidneys, so you want to control the total amount of protein intake. Proteins as important nutrients the body can not do without, especially the essential amino acids the human body can not synthesize from the foreign intake, so containing the necessary amino acids are more high quality protein should be guaranteed. The specific implementation: vegetable protein (including non-essential amino acids, low-quality protein) should be minimized, should generally be a fast soy products, appropriate restrictions on staple foods (flour, rice, vegetable protein also contain a certain amount), be appropriate to add the milk, eggs, fish, lean meat and other animal protein (including essential amino acids, high quality protein). In particular, milk, egg protein is appropriate. In general: the amount of protein intake, reference should be made in patients with serum creatinine levels and endogenous creatinine clearance rate decision. The higher the level of serum creatinine, endogenous creatinine clearance rate, the lower protein intake more stringent control.
Appropriate calorie low-fat diet: IgA nephropathy diet is a low-fat diet to control the total calories, calories complement of IgA nephropathy should be appropriate. Insufficient supply of calories and stored fat, protein degradation, allows kidney function parameters and serum creatinine, urea and other increases. Caloric intake is too high, which does not help blood glucose control. Fat provides more calories, but on the progress of renal failure, it still requires low-fat diet. The specific implementation: General to encourage the food instead of staple food yams, taro and other starch-containing high. May be appropriate to eat noodles, vermicelli, vermicelli, etc., but should pay attention to the less staple food. More so-called wheat starch (Note that different from the ordinary flour) on sale at many supermarkets in big cities, almost no protein. This wheat starch, with mashed potatoes, sweet potato noodles, yam powder, steamed buns, rolls, buns, can add heat without increasing plant protein intake does not increase the burden on the kidneys, the most suitable in patients with IgA nephropathy consumption.
3, high calcium low phosphorus diet: IgA nephropathy renal dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance is common to low calcium high phosphorus, low calcium high phosphorus-induced parathyroid righting the imbalance "there is progress on the renal failure, and so should pay attention to diet calcium phosphorus. It is regrettable that the higher the high calcium foods containing phosphorus, such as ribs, shrimp. Calcium phosphorus diet emphasizes low phosphorus diet. The specific implementation: the fasting animal internal organs such as brain, liver, kidney, eat pumpkin seeds, dried fruit.
IgA nephropathy in patients with diet:
A high-quality low-protein diet: excessive protein intake can increase the burden on the kidneys, so you want to control the total amount of protein intake. Proteins as important nutrients the body can not do without, especially the essential amino acids the human body can not synthesize from the foreign intake, so containing the necessary amino acids are more high quality protein should be guaranteed. The specific implementation: vegetable protein (including non-essential amino acids, low-quality protein) should be minimized, should generally be a fast soy products, appropriate restrictions on staple foods (flour, rice, vegetable protein also contain a certain amount), be appropriate to add the milk, eggs, fish, lean meat and other animal protein (including essential amino acids, high quality protein). In particular, milk, egg protein is appropriate. In general: the amount of protein intake, reference should be made in patients with serum creatinine levels and endogenous creatinine clearance rate decision. The higher the level of serum creatinine, endogenous creatinine clearance rate, the lower protein intake more stringent control.
Appropriate calorie low-fat diet: IgA nephropathy diet is a low-fat diet to control the total calories, calories complement of IgA nephropathy should be appropriate. Insufficient supply of calories and stored fat, protein degradation, allows kidney function parameters and serum creatinine, urea and other increases. Caloric intake is too high, which does not help blood glucose control. Fat provides more calories, but on the progress of renal failure, it still requires low-fat diet. The specific implementation: General to encourage the food instead of staple food yams, taro and other starch-containing high. May be appropriate to eat noodles, vermicelli, vermicelli, etc., but should pay attention to the less staple food. More so-called wheat starch (Note that different from the ordinary flour) on sale at many supermarkets in big cities, almost no protein. This wheat starch, with mashed potatoes, sweet potato noodles, yam powder, steamed buns, rolls, buns, can add heat without increasing plant protein intake does not increase the burden on the kidneys, the most suitable in patients with IgA nephropathy consumption.
3, high calcium low phosphorus diet: IgA nephropathy renal dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance is common to low calcium high phosphorus, low calcium high phosphorus-induced parathyroid righting the imbalance "there is progress on the renal failure, and so should pay attention to diet calcium phosphorus. It is regrettable that the higher the high calcium foods containing phosphorus, such as ribs, shrimp. Calcium phosphorus diet emphasizes low phosphorus diet. The specific implementation: the fasting animal internal organs such as brain, liver, kidney, eat pumpkin seeds, dried fruit.
Tuesday, 17 July 2012
Why is there swelling with Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes, also contributed to the
main reason of uremia, diabetic nephropathy why there will be swelling?
The root causes of edema of diabetic nephropathy - renal ischemia and hypoxia
Diabetes chronic hyperglycemia blood viscosity at the same time cause renal blood flow slowed down, would be inflicting a corresponding injury when blood flow through the glomerular capillary and the first to suffer the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, increased blood viscosity would make part of the blood perfusion
In the vascular wall, increased pressure on endothelial cells, leading to its filtration pores increases, that is, increased permeability, increased permeability, so that should not be filtered out of the leakage of substances, including red blood cells, protein, while the plasma part of the moisture will penetrate into the tissue space, and pave the way for the swelling.
Consequences of ischemia and hypoxia - edema
Human kidney ischemia and hypoxia is not ignored, the main reaction is to make a stress response and secretion of renin. With the ongoing ischemia and hypoxia, the secretion of renin is more and more, the renin - angiotensin will lead to the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion,
Aldosterone's main role is to promote the tubules of the distal convoluted renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and aldosterone increase will cause an increase in sodium absorption, and ultimately lead to a lot of water and sodium retention, the external manifestations of the body, compared with edema.
The root causes of edema of diabetic nephropathy - renal ischemia and hypoxia
Diabetes chronic hyperglycemia blood viscosity at the same time cause renal blood flow slowed down, would be inflicting a corresponding injury when blood flow through the glomerular capillary and the first to suffer the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, increased blood viscosity would make part of the blood perfusion
In the vascular wall, increased pressure on endothelial cells, leading to its filtration pores increases, that is, increased permeability, increased permeability, so that should not be filtered out of the leakage of substances, including red blood cells, protein, while the plasma part of the moisture will penetrate into the tissue space, and pave the way for the swelling.
Consequences of ischemia and hypoxia - edema
Human kidney ischemia and hypoxia is not ignored, the main reaction is to make a stress response and secretion of renin. With the ongoing ischemia and hypoxia, the secretion of renin is more and more, the renin - angiotensin will lead to the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion,
Aldosterone's main role is to promote the tubules of the distal convoluted renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and aldosterone increase will cause an increase in sodium absorption, and ultimately lead to a lot of water and sodium retention, the external manifestations of the body, compared with edema.
Why is there swelling with Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is a complication of diabetes, also contributed to the
main reason of uremia, diabetic nephropathy why there will be swelling?
The root causes of edema of diabetic nephropathy - renal ischemia and hypoxia
Diabetes chronic hyperglycemia blood viscosity at the same time cause renal blood flow slowed down, would be inflicting a corresponding injury when blood flow through the glomerular capillary and the first to suffer the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, increased blood viscosity would make part of the blood perfusion
In the vascular wall, increased pressure on endothelial cells, leading to its filtration pores increases, that is, increased permeability, increased permeability, so that should not be filtered out of the leakage of substances, including red blood cells, protein, while the plasma part of the moisture will penetrate into the tissue space, and pave the way for the swelling.
Consequences of ischemia and hypoxia - edema
Human kidney ischemia and hypoxia is not ignored, the main reaction is to make a stress response and secretion of renin. With the ongoing ischemia and hypoxia, the secretion of renin is more and more, the renin - angiotensin will lead to the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion,
Aldosterone's main role is to promote the tubules of the distal convoluted renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and aldosterone increase will cause an increase in sodium absorption, and ultimately lead to a lot of water and sodium retention, the external manifestations of the body, compared with edema.
The root causes of edema of diabetic nephropathy - renal ischemia and hypoxia
Diabetes chronic hyperglycemia blood viscosity at the same time cause renal blood flow slowed down, would be inflicting a corresponding injury when blood flow through the glomerular capillary and the first to suffer the glomerular capillary endothelial cells, increased blood viscosity would make part of the blood perfusion
In the vascular wall, increased pressure on endothelial cells, leading to its filtration pores increases, that is, increased permeability, increased permeability, so that should not be filtered out of the leakage of substances, including red blood cells, protein, while the plasma part of the moisture will penetrate into the tissue space, and pave the way for the swelling.
Consequences of ischemia and hypoxia - edema
Human kidney ischemia and hypoxia is not ignored, the main reaction is to make a stress response and secretion of renin. With the ongoing ischemia and hypoxia, the secretion of renin is more and more, the renin - angiotensin will lead to the adrenal cortex to increase aldosterone secretion,
Aldosterone's main role is to promote the tubules of the distal convoluted renal tubular reabsorption of sodium and aldosterone increase will cause an increase in sodium absorption, and ultimately lead to a lot of water and sodium retention, the external manifestations of the body, compared with edema.
How to treat Diabetic nephropathy with high urine protein
For patients with diabetic nephropathy, a more significant feature is the
level of urine protein, then, diabetic nephropathy in patients with urinary
protein high how to do it?
1, a balanced diet:
Were observed in clinical and experimental studies of dietary protein intake, high protein diet can increase the glomerular blood flow and pressure, increase the hyperglycemia-induced renal hemodynamic changes of patients with urinary protein requirements protein amount of 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight a day, day per kilogram of body weight 0.6 to 0.8 grams of dietary allows it to clinical stage of diabetic nephropathy glomerular filtration rate slowed down, high quality animal protein requirements of patients with urinary protein mainly under the guarantee of insulin may be appropriate to increase carbohydrate intake to ensure that there is enough heat to avoid the increase of protein and fat decomposition increase the burden of renal excretion. In addition, to reduce a variety of high the heat Youzha food and crude protein intake is conducive to the protection of the kidney.
2, the regular monitoring of:
Blood sugar levels with seasonal changes on the environment also fluctuate with the application yao matter of sensitivity, regular monitoring of blood glucose, regular monitoring of urine protein and blood pressure levels is necessary, not monitoring, unknowingly, until high blood sugar and lead to kidney problems away to solve a little too late, some patients in the treatment of early attention, over time, emphasis on the decline, since that service yao normal control, and so delay the timing of treatment. Some patients only laboratory fasting plasma glucose rather than to monitor the postprandial blood glucose, neglect accounted for the day 24 hours 2/3 of the time in the monitoring of postprandial hyperglycemia state. Also missed the part of postprandial hyperglycemia as the main manifestation of early diabetes, once discovered suffering have diabetes, kidney disease patients.
1, a balanced diet:
Were observed in clinical and experimental studies of dietary protein intake, high protein diet can increase the glomerular blood flow and pressure, increase the hyperglycemia-induced renal hemodynamic changes of patients with urinary protein requirements protein amount of 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight a day, day per kilogram of body weight 0.6 to 0.8 grams of dietary allows it to clinical stage of diabetic nephropathy glomerular filtration rate slowed down, high quality animal protein requirements of patients with urinary protein mainly under the guarantee of insulin may be appropriate to increase carbohydrate intake to ensure that there is enough heat to avoid the increase of protein and fat decomposition increase the burden of renal excretion. In addition, to reduce a variety of high the heat Youzha food and crude protein intake is conducive to the protection of the kidney.
2, the regular monitoring of:
Blood sugar levels with seasonal changes on the environment also fluctuate with the application yao matter of sensitivity, regular monitoring of blood glucose, regular monitoring of urine protein and blood pressure levels is necessary, not monitoring, unknowingly, until high blood sugar and lead to kidney problems away to solve a little too late, some patients in the treatment of early attention, over time, emphasis on the decline, since that service yao normal control, and so delay the timing of treatment. Some patients only laboratory fasting plasma glucose rather than to monitor the postprandial blood glucose, neglect accounted for the day 24 hours 2/3 of the time in the monitoring of postprandial hyperglycemia state. Also missed the part of postprandial hyperglycemia as the main manifestation of early diabetes, once discovered suffering have diabetes, kidney disease patients.
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